What is direct and indirect speech?
This article explains the concept of direct and indirect and clarifies the
differences that sometimes cause learners to be distinguished.
Direct and Indirect Speech
The art of saying what someone said
in the past is known as narration. Narration is also known as direct and
indirect speech.
We can report in two ways what someone
said in the past.
- Direct speech
- Indirect speech
In these two ways, we can convey a
message of one person to another. For example, you meet your brother's
friend Mr. Javid at school. He says to you, tell your brother, "I will
book a train ticket for the field trip tomorrow." You have two ways to
inform your brother of what his friend Mr. Javid said when you come home.
Direct Speech: Mr. Javid said," I will book a train ticket for the field trip
tomorrow."
Indirect Speech: Mr. Javid said he would book a train for the field trip the
following day.
What is Direct Speech?
A direct speech is a form of speech
that happens between two or more persons. In this way, we report and quote what
someone said. The quotation marks can be single ('...') or double ("...")
and should go before and after the reporter's actual spoken or written words.
Examples
Sadia said, "I am studying now."
He said to me, "I will meet you tomorrow."
Reporter: The person whose words are being reported is called a reporter. In
the above two examples, the noun Sadia and the pronoun "He"
are called the reporter.
Reporting Verb: When we report someone's written or spoken words, we use the verbs "say"
or "tell," etc., to introduce the statement; such verbs are called
reporting verbs.
Reported Verb: The verb we use in a reported speech is called a reported verb. For
example, He said, "They are students." The verb "are"
is the reported verb.
Reported speech: It is the part of direct speech we write inside inverted commas. In
the above two examples, the reported speeches are "I am studying now."
and "I will meet you tomorrow."
Reporting speech: Part of a direct speech written outside inverted commas is
known as reporting verb. The reporting speech or reporting clause ("Sadia
said," "He said to me," etc.) can be put before, after, or within
the quotation.
Rules of Quotation Marks in Direct Speech
To write the exact word of a speaker,
we use quotation marks. It is used in many types of writing such as stories,
novels, newspapers articles, etc. The following rules explained how to write
and quote a speaker's exact words.
Rule 1. We put quotation marks at both ends
of someone's exact written or spoken words.
The
quote comes in the following order.
- The quote comes in the following order.
- Add a comma after the reporting verb said, i.e., He said,
- Add quotation marks before the reported speech. i.e., He said,"
- Write the first word of the quotation in capital letter. He said, "It is my pen.
- Add a period at the end of the quotation followed by the final quotation mark.
He said, "It is my pen."
Rule 2. If the reporting speech, also called
reporting clause (e.g., Sadia said, He said to me, etc.), comes
after the reported speech, we put a comma (not a full stop) before the second
quotation mark. For example
"I think we should invite her
mother as well," argued Ahmad.
Rule 3. The comma should be replaced with a
question or exclamation mark before the second quotation when quoting an interrogative
or exclamatory sentence.
"Where do you live?" asked
Sanu.
"What a beautiful boy he is!"
he said.
Rule 4. If the reporting speech consists of
two parts and comes within the quotation, then the second part starts with a
small letter, and both quotes must be in the following order.
"The first part of the
quotation," reporting speech, "the second part."
"It costs too much," said
Javid, "but it's supposed to be very helpful for you."
Rule 5. The second part of the quotation begins
with a capital letter if it is a new sentence and puts a full stop at
the end of reporting speech.
"You should study hard,"
He advised. "Exam is going to be held next month."
Rule 6. Some people prefer to have a quotation at the start and end of the
whole quote if it consists of two or more sentences.
He said, "Aw, come on. He didn't
believe me".
Rule 7. If the reporting speech comes before
the quotation, then we put
- a comma at the end of the reporting speech
- a punctuation marks at the end of the quote.
Examples
He says, "I will go to London
next week."
He said to me, "When do you get
up?"
He said to his friend, "How
lucky you are to win to win this prize!"
The reporting verb "said"
changes to "told" in indirect speech when followed by an object.
Example
Direct: I said to her, "I want to go now."
Indirect: He told her that he wanted to go then.
What is Indirect Speech?
In this form, we
report in our own words what someone thinks or says in a simple manner by
making necessary changes in the verbs and pronouns of the direct speech.
Indirect narration is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the actual
words.
Examples
He says to me that I cannot help
him.
He said he would see me later
He said he couldn't stand on his
head.
Direct and Indirect Speech Comparison
To make the difference clear between
direct and speech, let's take another example.
I met my friend Ahmad yesterday.
Here are some of the things he said to me.
"My grade is excellent this
time."
"I am studying hard to improve
it more."
"I don't have much money to
enroll in another degree program."
"I am going on a field trip now.
I will call you when I get back".
You have noticed the pronouns I
and my are used in this conversation. These are the
actual words he spoke to me yesterday. This is called direct speech.
Now I want to tell his brother what
Ahmad said. I will use the following method.
Ahmad said that his
grade was excellent that time.
He said that he was
studying hard to improve it more.
He said that he didn't
have much money to enroll in another degree program.
He said that he was
going on a field trip then. He would call me when he got back.
This speech gives the idea of what
Ahmad said; not all of the exact words such words are called reported or
indirect speech.
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